Source data for EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — In-depth analysis
Data tables below are grouped by section.
Section: EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — Production of opioids
Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hectares | 209000 | 224000 | 183000 | 201000 | 328000 | 263000 | 163000 | 224000 | 177000 | 233000 | 10800 |
Year | Tonnes |
---|---|
2013 | 5500 |
2014 | 6400 |
2015 | 3300 |
2016 | 4800 |
2017 | 9000 |
2018 | 6400 |
2019 | 6400 |
2020 | 6300 |
2021 | 6800 |
2022 | 6200 |
2023 | 333 |
Year | Heroin (tonnes) | Morphine (tonnes) | Opium (tonnes) |
---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2.3 | 63.3 | 7.31 |
2018 | 5.1 | 18 | 27 |
2019 | 4 | 17.6 | 24 |
2020 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 6.8 |
2021 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 5.4 |
Year | Heroin (tonnes) | Morphine (tonnes) | Opium (tonnes) |
---|---|---|---|
2017 | 24.5 | 7.3 | 40 |
2018 | 5.7 | 4 | 19 |
2019 | 8 | 6.3 | 30 |
2020 | 28 | 17 | 47 |
2021 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 35.6 |
Year | Heroin (tonnes) | Morphine (tonnes) | Opium (tonnes) |
---|---|---|---|
2017 | 23.8 | 15.1 | 630.6 |
2018 | 25 | 21 | 644 |
2019 | 17 | 18.2 | 656 |
2020 | 31 | 27 | 916 |
2021 | 25.5 | 36.6 | 834.9 |
Year | Heroin (tonnes) | Morphine (tonnes) | Opium (tonnes) |
---|---|---|---|
2017 | 17.8 | 0 | 0.934 |
2018 | 19 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
2019 | 20 | 0 | 1.3 |
2020 | 14 | 0 | 0.8 |
2021 | 22.2 | 0 | 0.9 |
Year | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity seized | 15667 | 20038 | 5109 | 5731 |
Quantity in stopped shipments | 8888 | 6977 | 0 | 0 |
Year | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of seizures | 12 | 9 | 7 | 4 |
Number of stopped shipments | 8 | 11 | 1 | 0 |
Section: EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — Trafficking and supply
Date | Country | Port of seizure | Weight (kilograms) | Route | Concealment | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
August 2022 |
Germany |
Hamburg |
700 |
Iran-Germany |
BKA (2022) |
|
May 2022 |
Netherlands |
Rotterdam |
2600 |
Sierra Leone-Morocco-Netherlands |
Soap |
The Netherlands, Openbaar Ministerie (2022) |
October 2021 |
Croatia |
Ploce |
220 |
Iraq-Türkiye -Croatia-Belgium (controlled delivery) |
Lead ingots |
Scaturro and Kemp (2022) |
June 2021 |
Slovenia |
Koper |
200 |
Iran-Slovenia |
Scaturro and Kemp (2022) |
|
May 2021 |
Bulgaria |
Varna-West |
530 |
Iran-UAE-Bulgaria-Netherlands (controlled delivery) |
Marble tiles |
National Customs Agency of the Republic of Bulgaria (communication to the EMCDDA) |
May 2021 |
Romania |
Constanta |
1452 |
Iran-UAE-Romania-Belgium-Netherlands (controlled delivery) |
Marble tiles |
Europol (2021b) |
February 2021 |
Bulgaria |
Varna-West |
401 |
Iran-UAE-Bulgaria-Belgium (controlled delivery) |
Bitumen rolls |
National Customs Agency of the Republic of Bulgaria (2021a) |
February 2021 |
Netherlands |
Rotterdam |
1500 |
Pakistan-Netherlands |
Himalayan salt |
Openbaar Ministerie (2021b) |
December 2019 |
Netherlands |
Rotterdam |
439 |
Pakistan-Netherlands |
Talc stone |
Dutch police communication to Europol (2020) |
October 2019 |
Slovenia |
Koper |
730 |
UAE-Egypt-Slovenia |
Polyethylene foil |
Republic of Slovenia Ministry of the Interior (2019) |
Year | Number of seizures (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in kilograms (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in litres (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in tablets (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in patches (number of reporting countries) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 |
1 018 (17) |
130.9 (9) |
26.2 (7) |
7 527 (8) |
- |
2019 |
1 001 (16) |
18.1 (9) |
42.8 (10) |
6 374 (10) |
- |
2020 |
1 068 (18) |
59.7 (11) |
20.9 (10) |
5 849 (10) |
- |
2021 |
888 (19) |
251.7 (12) |
29.9 (11) |
6 802 (7) |
- |
Year | Number of seizures (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in kilograms (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in litres (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in tablets (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in patches (number of reporting countries) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 |
1 962 (15) |
0.2 (5) |
- |
96 340 (13) |
- |
2019 |
2 153 (15) |
0.3 (5) |
- |
119 864 (12) |
- |
2020 |
2 354 (16) |
0.3 (11) |
- |
192 532 (11) |
- |
2021 |
1 710 (15) |
5.0 (5) |
- |
110 787 (12) |
- |
Year | Number of seizures (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in kilograms (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in litres (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in tablets (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in patches (number of reporting countries) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 |
5 214 (12) |
0.7 (4) |
- |
1 142 347 (9) |
- |
2019 |
4 422 (12) |
0.05 (2) |
- |
1 577 309 (9) |
- |
2020 |
4 305 (12) |
0.3 (4) |
- |
1 051 969 (10) |
- |
2021 |
4 515 (9) |
0.3 (4) |
- |
2 228 466 (7) |
- |
Year | Number of seizures (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in kilograms (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in litres (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in tablets (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in patches (number of reporting countries) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 |
645 (8) |
0.02 (3) |
- |
15 216 (7) |
- |
2019 |
677 (9) |
0.02 (1) |
- |
23 870 (10) |
- |
2020 |
866 (10) |
0.8 (4) |
- |
43 654 (9) |
- |
2021 |
814 (9) |
0.1 (3) |
- |
66 721 (8) |
- |
Year | Number of seizures (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in kilograms (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in litres (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in tablets (number of reporting countries) | Quantity in patches (number of reporting countries) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 |
853 (11) |
6.2 (11) |
- |
19 795 (5) |
587 (2) |
2019 |
394 (13) |
15.1 (9) |
- |
320 (4) |
363 (3) |
2020 |
387 (14) |
11.1 (11) |
- |
91 (5) |
341 (3) |
2021 |
174 (11) |
5.5 (8) |
- |
5 444 (5) |
168 (4) |
Number of seizures | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EU, Türkiye and Norway | 35753 | 32266 | 33162 | 33897 | 41629 | 32659 | 36210 | 41812 | 36118 | 34337 | 34143 |
EU27 | 31133 | 26849 | 25874 | 25595 | 28180 | 23482 | 22650 | 22733 | 19170 | 18499 | 18709 |
Quantity seized (tonnes) | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EU, Türkiye and Norway | 11.524 | 17.533 | 17.548 | 20.127 | 12.149 | 9.071 | 22.081 | 27.196 | 28.842 | 17.75 | 31.756 |
EU27 | 4.217 | 4.188 | 4.013 | 7.327 | 3.793 | 3.472 | 4.597 | 9.335 | 8.589 | 4.35 | 9.522 |
Non-EU country | Combined score |
---|---|
Ethiopia | 6 |
Qatar | 4 |
Türkiye | 3 |
Uganda | 3 |
Afghanistan | 2 |
Iran | 2 |
Pakistan | 2 |
Switzerland | 2 |
Democratic Republic of Congo | 2 |
South Africa | 2 |
Albania | 1 |
Benin | 1 |
Rwanda | 1 |
Zimbabwe | 1 |
Oman | 1 |
Sudan Republic | 1 |
United Arab Emirates | 1 |
Zambia | 1 |
Burundi | 1 |
Kenya | 1 |
Mozambique | 1 |
Tanzania | 1 |
Bahrain | 1 |
Togo | 1 |
United Kingdom | 1 |
Armenia | 1 |
China | 1 |
Ghana | 1 |
India | 1 |
Malawi | 1 |
Senegal | 1 |
Country | Percentage |
---|---|
Spain | 1072 |
Croatia | 802 |
Italy | 658 |
Romania | 633 |
Netherlands | 362 |
EU country | Combined score |
---|---|
Netherlands | 10 |
France | 5 |
Bulgaria | 4 |
Germany | 4 |
Belgium | 3 |
Spain | 2 |
Austria | 2 |
Greece | 1 |
Poland | 1 |
Portugal | 1 |
Romania | 1 |
Luxembourg | 1 |
Slovenia | 1 |
Year | Other opioids | Fentanyl derivatives | Benzimidazoles |
---|---|---|---|
2009 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2010 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2011 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2012 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
2013 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
2014 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
2015 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
2016 | 1 | 8 | 0 |
2017 | 3 | 10 | 0 |
2018 | 5 | 6 | 0 |
2019 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
2020 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
2021 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
2022 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
2023 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
Country | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Estonia | 198 | 70 | 20 | 16 |
Latvia | 154 | 77 | 145 | 105 |
Sweden | 80 | 52 | 37 | 23 |
Austria | 4 | 5 | 24 | 11 |
Other* | 17 | 31 | 24 | 18 |
Country | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sweden | 908 | 1027 | 1190 | 839 |
Finland | 328 | 396 | 324 | 231 |
Greece | 301 | 292 | 311 | 133 |
Latvia | 205 | 209 | 253 | 297 |
Austria | 108 | 111 | 128 | 94 |
Other* | 100 | 97 | 126 | 102 |
Country | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spain | 274 | 281 | 281 | 247 |
Italy | 147 | 167 | 192 | 142 |
Lithuania | 129 | 87 | 55 | 22 |
Sweden | 119 | 147 | 149 | 114 |
Romania | 87 | 84 | 92 | 93 |
Greece | 70 | 74 | 85 | 77 |
Other* | 130 | 138 | 148 | 115 |
Section: EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — Key market data: heroin prices, purities and offences
Year of sample submissionSubmitting EU Member State |
Number of samples |
Heroin form |
Average purity (%) |
Adulteration | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | Belgium | 2 | Base | 61 |
None identified |
2019 | Greece | 1 | Base | 54 |
Acetaminophen |
2021 | Austria | 4 | Base | 45 |
None reported |
2021 | Austria | 2 | Hydrochloride | 47 |
None reported |
2021 | Bulgaria | 2 | Base | 50 |
None identified |
2021 | Greece | 2 | Hydrochloride | 63 |
None identified |
Year | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EUR/kg | 29212.57444 | 26540.13222 | 24806.35 | 24855.72111 | 24099.27889 |
2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Price | 100 | 102 | 97 | 92 | 95 | 96 | 94 | 92 | 85 | 90 | 84 |
Purity | 100 | 101 | 120 | 147 | 145 | 137 | 137 | 142 | 154 | 144 | 138 |
Type of offence | Heroin use-related offences | Heroin supply-related offences | Other heroin-related offences |
---|---|---|---|
2011 | 38330 | 16530 | 7940 |
2012 | 31490 | 14200 | 4770 |
2013 | 29460 | 12030 | 5800 |
2014 | 30170 | 12570 | 5400 |
2015 | 31460 | 11680 | 5140 |
2016 | 29670 | 11650 | 6080 |
2017 | 23070 | 11070 | 270 |
2018 | 23590 | 10350 | 520 |
2019 | 22710 | 10520 | 110 |
2020 | 22020 | 10340 | 120 |
2021 | 23170 | 9640 | 110 |
Section: EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — Retail markets
Country | Proportion (%) |
---|---|
Netherlands | 48 |
Germany | 32 |
France | 10 |
Europe | 5 |
Poland | 2 |
Belgium | 1 |
Other* | 3 |